Apostle Paul wrote the Gospel and Epistles for the first time, and imported entire Jewish Bible (Old Testament) in traditional Jewish piety.
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" It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for some who is rich to enter the kingdom of God." (Mark 10:25)
                                                                             骆驼穿过针的眼，比财主进神的国，还容易呢。(马可福音 10:25)
 "The sabbath (law & rule) was made for mankind, and not humans for the sabbath (law & rule)." (Mark 2:27)
                                                                             又对他们说，安息日是为人设立的，人不是为安息日设立的。(马可福音 2:27)
 "You lack one thing; go, sell what you own, and give the money to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven;
 then come, follow me." (Mark 10:21)""" 你还缺少一件。去变卖你所有的，分给穷人，就必有财宝在天上。你还要来跟从我。(马可福音 10:21)
 There was not a needy person among them, for as many as owned lands or houses sold them and brought the proceeds of
  what was sold.  They laid it at the apostles’ feet, and it was distributed to each as any had need.  (Acts 4:34,35)
内中也没有一个缺乏的，因为人人将田产房屋都卖了，把所卖的价银拿来，放在使徒脚前。照各人所需用的，分给各人。(使徒行传4:34,5)  
  "Whoever wants to be first must be last of all and servant of all."   (Mark 10:44)  在你们中间，谁愿为首，就必作众人的仆人。(马可福音 10:44)

In everything do to others as you would have them do to you; for this is the law and the prophets."  (Matthew 7:12)
所以无论何事，你们愿意人怎样待你们，你们也要怎样待人。因为这就是律法和先知的道理。(马太福音 7:12)
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"Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and conservative Christianity" are not religion, but only man-made superstition !





Erase the Borders, No Racism, No Hunger, No War, No Sexism !
Eternal and perfect peace of One Christian Nation that the truth of Jesus Governs !

Who was the first to start writing the Christian Bible ?

In seminary, the first Gospel taught is the Gospel of Mark, written by John Mark - an aide who assisted the missionary leader Paul and the first Pope, Peter, after Jesus's death.
The Gospel of Matthew was created to protect the safety of Christians living in Israel by presenting a more Jewish-oriented Gospel unlike Mark, which lacks the Jewish nationalism
of hostility toward and exclusion of Gentiles (anti-Gentile restrictions).
Finally, the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles were written by Luke, a physician ; drawing upon the previously published Gospels of Mark and Matthew, he sought to
persuade the Jewish High Priest Theophilus that Christianity was a continuation and offshoot of Judaism, with much of the cream cheese of prophetic imaginations Jewish that
priests love.     < Click "who wrote the Gospel of Mark?" >

                


The Bible - a record spanning thousands of years that has been shaped by religious intent, including instances of exaggeration and manipulation - is so complex that an accurate
deciphering might seem impossible.    However, by properly applying the four principles of methodology that lead to sound judgment, established by René Descartes, the father of
modern philosophy, one can logically synthesize verifiable historical facts with the credible revelations of the faithful (faith requires true revelation).
"Believe only in what is most certain and organize those things in a rational order."    This process enables the discernment of truth from error within the Bible ; furthermore, when
one grounds faith in a sound foundation and exercises clear, rational judgment, a proper understanding of faith becomes attainable.
Drawing upon my limited knowledge, I am trying to rectify my previous, less-than-rigorous judgments and compose an account of the Bible’s creation that is accessible to all lay people.
I invite all scholars from around the world to point out any errors you kindly find in my essay.

I am the first theologian to propose that the apostle Paul - who never met Jesus in flesh - was the one who initiated the writing of the Christian scriptures.
I argue that apostle Paul adopted a popular, common, street-level epithet of the time, "Son of God," and used it to construct an exaggerated Christian theology centered on
Jesus as the Son of Jehovah.       The "Son of God" theology - the framework of Christianity, constructed by exaggerating the status of Jesus as the "Son of Jehovah" - may
have served as a shortcut for ancient people to easily grasp the concepts of Jesus and heavenly salvation, which could be a mission strategy of Heaven.
However, "Jehovahism" (Judaism) - a form of aggressively exaggerated Israeli nationalism - has become a primary driver of religious conflicts and ethnic strife worldwide.
Meanwhile, Islam, which was cobbled together by indiscriminately copying from Jewish and Christian scriptures, has driven a quarter of the global population into a state of
unbridled fanaticism, accelerating the potential extinction of humanity.      These "ridiculous and harmful global belief systems" represent a grave mental pathology
within human civilization - one that intellectuals across the globe must confront and contain for the sake of human peace.


      


The irony of the apostle Paul - once a hardline Pharisee who persecuted Christianity and championed a "holy war" to uphold Jewish exclusionary nationalism, only to be subdued
by a miracle of Christ and become a leading figure in spreading the faith - demonstrates that while it is within Heaven's power to similarly subdue today's hardline Islamic and Jewish
factions through miracles, Heaven has refrained from doing so ; instead, it values "the process of cause and effect" and seeks to elicit "autonomous judgment from human beings ourselves."

The reasons why I propose the likely existence of the "seed Gospel of Paul" are as follows.
I am the theologian who first proposed the possibility of a "seed Gospel of Paul" - a record of Jesus’s deeds and teachings compiled by the apostle Paul based on what he heard from
the disciples (as he had not personally encountered Jesus during the latter's lifetime) to facilitate his own proper understanding and subsequent missionary work.
It seems highly unlikely that Paul - an orthodox Pharisee, strict Law teacher who once persecuted believers in Jesus - would have spent thirty years (from his conversion in circa 34 C.E.
to his martyrdom under Emperor Nero in 66 C.E.) actively proclaiming Christ while relying solely on vague memories of what he had heard from disciples, without ever committing to
writing the many deeds and teachings of Jesus that he, as an eminent theologian, would have known. < Click Acts chapter 9 >

1. Since Paul had never personally met Jesus during the time Jesus lived in the flesh, there arose an urgent need to further advance Jesus' mission by systematizing the
life and teachings of Jesus into the form of a Gospel, drawing upon accounts heard from the disciples as well as his own understanding.
< click Paul met Peter in Jeruaslem in Atcs and Galatians 1 >
< Galatians chapter 1, 17-19 >
  17 nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were already apostles before me, but I went away at once into Arabia, and afterwards I returned to Damascus.
  18 Then after three years I did go up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas and stayed with him fifteen days 19 but I did not see any other apostle except James the Lord's brother.

2. The theological tenacity and meticulousness required to consistently drive the "Son of God" theology - which stems from a specific interpretation of the Father-Son distinction
between Jehovah and Jesus found in the Gospel of Mark (the earliest Gospel) - represent a complex theological undertaking ; it is far more plausible to attribute this achievement
to Paul - an orthodox Pharisee who perfected conservative Christian theology - rather than to Mark, who served merely as an assistant.
3. Paul sometimes sent letters containing specific instructions to the various churches where he had zealously conducted missionary work. It has been suggested that, rather than
relying solely on oral tradition - the passing of Jesus’s teachings and deeds by word of mouth among the apostles - he may have shared a "seed Gospel"
(a foundational outline of the Gospel) with the churches in these regions. While it would have been entirely feasible to share this foundational information with local bishops
using Greek - an alphabetic script that was easy to learn. Some remain skeptical because Paul's letters to the churches contain no explicit mention of an early
Christian scriptural canon like the Gospel of Paul ; however, one must question whether the few surviving epistles represent the entirety of his writings from his long missionary career.
Furthermore, given that even a letter as significant as "Romans" is not referenced in his other epistles, one might well ask whether such explicit mentions were truly necessary.

                            

A long-time pre-understanding that regarded the hero as the Son of God.

I am the first theologian to identify flaws in the framework of Christian theology that defines Jesus as the "Son of God" and to elucidate the origins of the human
"pre-understanding" of the term Son of God.     The reason I cautiously wonder whether Almighty God deliberately allowed humanity to recognize Jesus, Christ God,
as the "Son of Jehovah" is as follows : it might be God's strategy to make ancient mankind believe in a much easier context. < click "son of God" in wikipedia.org >
For ancient humans, who were incapable of complex abstract thought, wouldn't presenting Jesus as the Son of God have made it easier for them - given their reverence
for divine authority - to believe in Him ? The Jewish people already possessed a creation myth - crafted from the legends and myths of neighboring Middle Eastern nations
that was easily understood by ancient people ; this narrative was far more detailed and convincing than Rome's clumsy attempt to portray its emperor as the "Son of God."

Since the apostle Paul never encountered Jesus in person in flesh, he was able to imagine Jesus as the "Son of God" more freely, unlike Jesus' disciples who never heard
Jesus call God "Father," in ways that ancient people could easily grasp.     Consequently, he may have rooted his theology in his "Gospel of Paul," which could have served
as the prototype for the first popular edition for laypeople, the "Gospel of Mark," within Christian theology.
If I, as a modern theologian, were to argue that Jesus, being God Himself, was executed on the cross in a substitutionary act to save humanity from its mortal fate, people
of the ancient world would likely refuse to believe it, asking how an omnipotent God could be executed without even putting up a defense.
In today's information society - where it is easy to access information and discern the authenticity of facts and knowledge - I understand that the divine will to expose
Christianity's fabrications, contradictions, and exaggerations through someone like me stems from the fact that, unless the distorted Christian values inherited from ancient
times are rectified, the religion will ultimately self-destruct under the weight of its own fabrications and contradictions.

Just as Christianity was later corrupted into a tool to justify the violence and greed of the elite, nationalism - following God's liberation of Israel from Egyptian oppression
- degenerated into a religion of virulent nationalism fueled by the fanatical agitation of the priestly class.     
The true meaning of God's salvation for the weak people was lost, and the faith was reduced to an instrument of greed for elite groups like the high priests, the Sadducees.
You may fear attacks from Islam, Judaism, and conservative Christianity - religions often dismissed as cult - like superstitions. However, these belief systems of superstitions,
which stem from darkness, are characterized solely by violence, falsehood, and corruption.
In reality, they have no power to oppose or challenge the true light group of Heaven, except for madness.
        


The birth and progress of the "son of God theology."


It was the apostle Paul, an orthodox Pharisee who had never met Christ during His lifetime in flesh, who perfectly framed Jesus (who was God Himself) as the "Son of God,"
leveraging the pre-existing understanding among ancient peoples that "rulers and heroes were sons of God."    
This easily grasped "Son of God" theology fueled the excessive arrogance of Jews who firmly believed they alone were God's only chosen people, destined to rule the world.
This ultimately led to the slaughter of six million Jews by Hitler who had a Jewish grandmother plunging Germany into a hellish World War II that claimed the maddeningly
agitated lives of six million Germans.

The very first time Jesus was called the "Son of God" was when an evil spirit addressed Him as such while departing from a possessed man in the region of the Gerasenes.
Ironically, it was an evil spirit that initiated this "Son of God" theology, which is the central framework of Christianity for two full millennia, fooling the entire humanity.   gerasenes.htm
As the practice of calling Christ the "Son of God" spread and the disciples adopted this view, the title became associated with Jesus despite his stern warnings against it.    whoisjesus.htm
In a colonial context where the Roman Emperor was hailed as the "Son of God," addressing Jesus by that title or as "Christ" (implying "King" in Greek) constituted treason ;
consequently, this designation provided the high priests with the pretext to have him executed for treason in the end. www.JesusistheGod.com/mockjesus.htm

When you observe the absurd fabrications and exaggerations adorning the Gospel of Matthew, a "Jewish Gospel," in contrast to the Gospel of Mark, which describes the events
of the time with relative objectivity, you can begin to understand the tragic contradictions, irrationality, and violence that have plagued humanity for two millennia.
< This stems from placing Matthew, a gospel inflated to such absurd proportions, at the very forefront of the New Testament and regarding it as the most important gospel.
The Gospel of Matthew is like a harmful foodstuff consisting of more butter than bread ;
having consumed this harmful food for two thousand years, humanity has reached the brink of death, hasn't it ?     As higher-order animals, humans far prefer indulging in
falsehoods and demagoguery to speaking the truth ; the existence of such demonic figures as Hitler, Stalin, Trump, Xi Jinping, Kim Jong-un, Putin, Netanyahu, Mussolini,
Hideki Tojo, Mao Zedong, and Robespierre serves as clear evidence of this.   
The hellish calamity in which the demons of darkness threaten the extinction of humanity as is the case now could be resolved immediately if the corrupt moron church were
to awaken and cast the light of heaven upon the forces of darkness, driving them away so that Christ could directly rule over mankind.




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福音書 順序的 事件		Mark 馬可	Matt 馬太	Luke 路加	John 約翰	四大福音書 (馬可,馬太, 路加, 約翰) 比較的 差異點 和 特徵
Birth and childhood of Jesus :   耶稣 誕生 童年	Introduction 序論	1	1	1		Expectation, imagination & wish, Not True (ENT).  It is which have been emulatated and redacted frequently for a certain length of time on the street among Synoptics.
	Made up Genealogy of Jesus  耶稣 族譜 造作		1	3		Decoration which is hardly possible (DHP)
	Conception of John the Baptist			1		Luke allures Sadducee with fabricated-illusion (LAS)
	Annunciation		1	1		Copy of the Text (Hebrew Bible) to exaggerate (COT)
	Mary meets Elizabeth			1		Luke allures Sadducee with fabricated-illusion (LAS)
	Birth of John			1		Luke allures Sadducee with fabricated-illusion (LAS)
	Birth of Jesus		2	2
	Flight to Egypt		2			dramatized copy of birth of Moses
	Circumcision of Jesus			2		Luke allures Sadducee with fabricated-illusion (LAS)
	Childhood of Jesus		2	2		rhetorical decoration
John the Baptist : 施洗約翰	The arrival of John the Baptist	1	3	3	1	What Paul (GOP) has wondered about the relationship of Jesus and John the baptist  could have inherited to the Gospels, or John the baptist has been added later time.
	John the Baptist talking about Jesus	1	3	3	1	Gospels had to define the superiority of Jesus to legendary hero John the baptist.
	John baptized Jesus 施洗約翰 施洗 耶?	1	3	3	1	"Hello, Jesus. You have to be baptized first before you become the son of God."   OR, Jesus volunteered to be baptized to show the standard inauguration ceremony.   The former sounds more likely, doesn't it ?   Anyway, bapsim is a good sacrament which has no side effect at all !  Did John really baptize, or Gospels take advantage of John's fame & fans ?  Gospels crwon Jesus "the Prince" after Jesus had been baptized by John the baptist.  This inauguration could be added after the first publication of Mark-Matthew and Luke  in order to clear off the troubles and challenges with the followers of John the baptist  in the issue of whom is mightier between Jesus and the John the Baptist.  Gospels put much decorations on John the Baptist whose followers are never smaller  than those of Jesus.  Gospels need to put them into their population or a coalition at least.
	Jesus goes to the wilderness	1	4	4		Training in the desert is a routine course of Judean heroes after Moses.
	Jesus finds his disciples	1	4	5	1
	John's disciples question Jesus		11	7	3
The Sermon on the Mount : 山上垂訓	Introduction		4	6		Pharisee lesson like (talmudic) "Quelle" (Matthew ∋ Luke)
	Beatitudes		5	6		90 % likely.
	The law		5	16		Pharisee lesson like (talmudic) "Quelle" (Matthew ∋ Luke) addition,  never likely Jesus said.
	Killing and adultery		5			Fill up compensating "Matthew" which Mark miss.
	Divorce		5	16		Jesus declares He is the God himself correcting what Moses regulated.
	Swearing		5			Luke does not bother Sadducee whose job is temple swearing.
	Love your enemy		5	6		Fill up compensating "Quell" which Mark miss.
	Alms and fasting		6			Is the Divan of Matthew Pharisee which is the counterpart of Sadducee ?
	Treasures		6	12		Pharisee lesson like (talmudic) "Quelle" (Matthew ∋ Luke)
	The light of the body		6	11
	The lilies of the field		6	16,12		Pharisee lesson like (talmudic) "Quelle" (Matthew ∋ Luke)
	The mote in the eye, "Do not Judge."		7	6
	Ask and it shall be given		7	11
	Enter by the strait gate		7	13		Luke's tael like exegessis of Matthew, which has a careful warning to temple  sadducees.  Matthew's is 7-80 % likely enen thogh Mark does not have.
	A tree is known by its fruits		7	6		Luke waives the part of "false prophet" in Matthew in order not to bother Sadducee.
	A house's foundations		7	6		Pharisee lesson like (talmudic) "Quelle" (Matthew ∋ Luke)
	Conclusion		7			Luke does not bother Sadducee whose family job is "scribe.
Other sermons : 其他布道	Sparrows		10	12		Pharisee lesson like (talmudic) "Quelle" (Matthew ∋ Luke)
	Not peace but a sword		10	12		After redaction to explain the turmoil caused by Christianity.
	My yoke is light		11			Propaganda of Matthew not Jesus that Jesus is a good man.
	The scribes and the Pharisees		23			"Pharisees used to criticize other pharisees (as well as many pastors criticize    other pastors)." - David Winston.
	Being born again				3	John fully deserves to be named "a wonderful theologian."
	God is the father of Jesus				5	John fully deserves to be named "a fine novel."
	The bread of life				6	John fully deserves to be named "a fine novel."
	Jesus teaching in the temple				7	John fully deserves to be named "a fine novel."
	The light of the world				8	John fully deserves to be named "a wonderful theologian."
	The good shepherd				10	John fully deserves to be named "a fine novel."
	The hour is come				12	John fully deserves to be named "a fine novel."
	The true vine				13-17	John fully deserves to be named "a fine novel."
Early healing by Jesus&nbsnbsp;: 耶稣的初期癒合	Jesus casts out a devil at Capernaum	1		4		Luke takes Mark which Mattehw lacks, but waives a sentence that irritates Sadducees.  "he taught them as one having authority, and not as the scribes." (Mark 1:22)  Scribes are the family vocation of the Sadducees.
	The centurion's servant / nobleman's son		8	7	4	little likely
	Jesus heals the mother of Simon	1	8	4		Surely Jesus'
	Other healing	1	8	4		Surely Jesus'
	Healing of the leper	1	8	5		Surely Jesus'
	Healing of the ten lepers			17		Luke knows Sadducee is interested in Jesus' healing power.
	Healing of the palsy	2	9	5		Surely Jesus'
	Healing on the Sabbath			13	5	Fill up compensating "Luke (John)" which Mark-Matthew miss.
Disciples of Jesus : 耶稣的 門徒	Calling of Levi (Matthew)	2	9	5		Surely Jesus'
	Foxes have holes / Let the dead bury their dead		8	9		Pharisee lesson like (talmudic) "Quelle" (Matthew ∋ Luke)
	Zacchaeus climbs the sycamore tree			19		Fill up compensating "Luke" which Mark-Matthew miss.
	The Sabbath	2,3	12	6
	Curing the blind and the dumb	3	9			Either Luke simply waived because it is not necessary to pay attention low class mission in his elite version gospel, or addition of Mark & Matthew after Luke.  It is evil spirit whom started to call Jesus "son of God" for the first time.
	The disciples of Jesus	3	10	6		Luke's position to remian as the latest culminating Gospel among Synoptics  with more news and info.
	Jesus is accused of casting out devils using Beelzebub	3	12	11		Fat Matthew is double size of Mark and Luke, which suggests that  Matthew gains another half weight after original Mark-Matthew-Luke period.
	The family of Jesus	3	12	8		90 % likely
	Follow Jesus, not family			14		Theology of experience of disciples which Jesus might not teach.
	The parable of the sower	4	13	8		Jesus declares He is the God himself delivering vivid information of Heaven.
	Light under a bushel	4	5	8		Surely Jesus'
	The parable of the mustard seed	4	13	13		Jesus declares He is the God himself delivering vivid information of Heaven.
	The storm	4	8	8		Hard to say that this miracle has been made up by Gospel writer or disciples.
	The Gadarene swine	5	8	8		Surely Jesus'
	Woman with issue of blood / girl brought back from death	5	9	8		Surely Jesus'
	Jesus in Nazareth	6	13	4	4	Surely Jesus'
	Instructions to disciples	6	10	9		Matthew defines Gentiles are out of Jewsish neighborhood of Christianity.
	The death of John the Baptist	6	14	9		Why the longest Mark ? Because this Mark is the latest redaction among Synoptics.
Miracles of Jesus : 耶稣的神蹟	Wedding at Cana				2	John fully deserves to be named "a fine novel."
	Sheep without a shepherd	6	9			Mark-Matthew's addition later than  Luke (KM), or Luke does not bother Sadducees whom monoplize priesthood.
	Feeding of the 5000	6	14	9	6	Jesus can feed what Yahweh could feed in the wilderness. Piety cometition of Gospels.  If it really happened, Paul must have mentioned in his Letters.
	Jesus walks on the water	6	14		6	too much miraculous to take for Luke, or after redaction of Mark & Matthew
	Unwashed hands	7	15	11		Surely Jesus'
	Curing the non-Jewish girl	7	15			Luke does not need to bother Sadducee whose constitution limits the gentiles.  Mark tries to lessen the crime amount of Jesus by inserting "dog" part, or Mark copied  the discriminating part of Matthew in a very tough process of survival and emulation.
	Curing the deaf	7	15
	Feeding of the 7000	8	15			too much miraculous to take for Luke, or after redaction of Mark & Matthew for  perfomance competition.
	Curing of a blind man		8		9
	Who is Jesus?	8	16	9	6	Luke prefers (takes) Mark to Matthew which honors Peter too much, or flattery like  2 times longer version of Matthew is made up redaction later than Luke.
	The transfiguration	9	17	9		Oddly engough, shortest Gospel Mark is the longer than Matthew & Luke in here, which suggests Mark joins the Performance (miracle) Emulation which was initiated by either Matthew or Luke.
	Curing of the son with fits	9	17	9		Double size of Mark than Matthew & Luke must be the bubble redaction after them.
	Tribute from the mouth of a fish		17			Too much miraculous to take for Luke, or after redaction of Matthew.
	Raising from the dead			7	11	After redaction of piety of Luke & John (could be after original Luke & original John)
Teachings of Jesus : 耶稣的讲道	Jesus foretells his death and resurrection	9	17	9		50 % likely
	The child	9	18	9		Surely Jesus'
	He who is not against us is with us		9	9		stratigical point of view of Matthew & Luke which is pharisaic & talmudic
	The millstone	9	18	17		90 % likely
	If your hand offends	9	18			Luke avoids dreadful piety of Mark & Matthew for his client Saduccee who denies immortality of soul and resurrection.
	Salt of the earth	9	5	14		Mark knows more about salt while Matthew-Luke pay attention to only taste.
	Forgiving seven times		18	17		Pharisee lesson like (talmudic) "Quelle" (Matthew ∋ Luke)
	Divorce of Moses	10	19			Luke avoids what is straight against the Mosaic law of Saduccee.  Jesus declares He is the God himself correcting what Moses regulated.
	Adultery woman				8	Synoptic Gospels might avoid a provocative issue.
	The Samaritan village			9		Luke needs to declare that Jesus is NEVER the messiah of gentiles for Theophillus.
	The Samaritan woman				4	John loves to preach like a kind pastor.
	Asking for a sign		12	11		Pharisee lesson like (talmudic) "Quelle" (Matthew ∋ Luke)
	Mary and Martha			10
	Children	10	19	18		Jesus clearly declares He comes from Heaven stating for details about the kingdom of heaven belongs to children like pure and innocent people.
	The camel and the eye of a needle	10	19	18		Surely Jesus'
	Further foretelling of how Jesus will die	10	20	18		Surely Jesus'
	James and John ask to sit by Jesus in his glory	10	20			Either Luke waived, or addition of Mark & Matthew after Luke.
	Healing of Bartimaeus	10	20	18		Matthew & Luke reluctantly copied the healing story of a blind of Mark without need to write the name of a blind whose social standing or ethnical background might be too mean and low to write.
Parables of Jesus : 耶稣的比喻	The good Samaritan			10		Luke's lesson to temple Sadducee (LTS)
	Treasure			12		Luke's lesson to temple Sadducee
	Weddings			14		Luke's lesson to temple Sadducee
	The prodigal son			15		Luke's lesson to temple Sadducee
	The rich man and the poor man			16		Luke's lesson to temple Sadducee
	The servant			17		Luke's lesson to temple Sadducee
	Two men praying in the temple			18		Luke's personal lesson to temple Sadducee
	The devil returning with seven more		12	11		Pharisee lesson like (talmudic) "Quelle" (Matthew ∋ Luke)
	Debt		18	16		Pharisee lesson like (talmudic) "Quelle" (Matthew ∋ Luke)
	The talents		25	19		Pharisee lesson like (talmudic) "Quelle" (Matthew ∋ Luke)
	The lost sheep		18	15		Pharisee lesson like (talmudic) "Quelle" (Matthew ∋ Luke)
	The sheep and the goats		25			Matthew seems to put another addtion at much later time.
	The tares in the wheat		13			pharisaic & talmudic which Sadducees might feel offensive
	The labourers		20			pharisaic & talmudic which Sadducees might feel offensive
	Two sons in the vineyard		21			pharisaic & talmudic which Sadducees might feel offensive
	The wedding guest		22			pharisaic & talmudic which Sadducees might feel offensive
	The parable of the virgins		25			pharisaic & talmudic which Sadducees might feel offensive
Jerusalem : 耶路撒冷	The entry into Jerusalem	11	21	19	12
	The moneychangers in the temple	11	21	19	2	The climatic wrath of Jesus ever, which he exposed that he is the God himself.
	The fig tree	11	21	13		The dreadful curse of Jesus. Matthew here is the shortest and presumably the oldest  while Mark is decorated with "your father."
	The Lord's Prayer	11	6	11		Have Jesus recite Jewish folk prayer "Kaddish" as a faithful spokesman of Judaism,  which enables Jesus to host wide range of Jews and dilute straight Christianity to a  sort of drinkable cocktail iike "revised Judaism."  It is also possible that apostle Paul or Mark could commit a mistake in understanding  what Jesus said or overtranslated rather than intentional redaction by some others.
	By what authority?	11	21	20		Surely Jesus'
	The parable of the husbandmen who kill the son	12	21	20		This parable declares that Jesus is the God himself not a son.
	Giving tribute to Caesar	12	22	20		80 % likely
	The seven brothers and their wife	12	22	20		Clear evidence that Jesus comes from the Heaven.
	The two commandments	12	22			Luke does not dare bother Sadducee.
	Is Christ the son of David?	12	22	20		Jesus declares he is the God, the Christ.
	Praying	12	6	20		Luke does not bother temple Sadducee.
	The widow's mites	12		21		Matthew does not choose what Luke takes.
	Jerusalem kills the prophets		23	13		Pharisee lesson like (talmudic) "Quelle" (Matthew ∋ Luke)
	The Jews accuse Jesus of blasphemy				10
	The temple will be thrown down	13	24	21	2	60 % likely, or 40 % lateral patch redaction after the fall of  temple.
	The end of the world	13	24	21		The last and very moving final warning speech of the Lord to mankind.  Lord fortold exactly what the mankind should suffer two millennia ago.  What for the sufferings ?  Doesn't apostle Paul answer to this question ?  Is the price of eternal spiritual life that much expensive ?  Matthew boldly cut off verse 10 of Mark which makes Matt even slimmer than Mark,  which was favored and taken by Luke too.
	When will the kingdom of God come?	13	24	17		Apocalyptic chorus of the Synoptics which John keeps himself from joining.
The Last Supper : 最後的 晩餐	Plotting the death of Jesus	14	26	22	11
	Anointing of Jesus	14	26	7	12	Surely Jesus'
	Judas visits the priests	14	26	22
	Getting ready for the passover	14	26	22	13	Surely Jesus'
	Jesus washes his disciples feet				13	Likely an "ambitious fiction" which over-confident John (or Johns) dramatized (50 %),  or something Synoptic Gospels avoided to take Lord's humility (50 %).
	Jesus says that he will be betrayed	14	26	22	13	Surely Jesus'
	Bread and wine	14	26	22		Surely Jesus'
	Jesus says Peter will deny him	14	26	22	13
	Jesus "Buy swords"			22		Luke allures Sadducees with the complete of the text.
	Garden of Gethsemane	14	26	22	18
	Betrayal of Jesus	14	26	22	18
The Crucifixion : 受難	Jesus is taken before the High Priest	14	26	22	18
	Peter denies Jesus	14	26	22	18
	Judas kills himself		27			Ambitious Matthew wants to remain as more completed kind of Gospel than others.
	Jesus is taken before Pilate	15	27	23	18
	Jesus is taken before Herod			23		Luke expects sympathy of Sadducee for Jesus whom is taken to the enemy of  Sadducees.
	Barabbas	15	27	23	18
	Before the crucifixion	15	27		19	Luke has no reason to show miserable scene of Jesus to Saddcess, or keeps himself from joining the after redaction of "before the crucifixion" with other Gospels.
	Jesus is crucified	15	27	23	19
	The mocking of Jesus	15	27	23	19
	Jesus dies	15	27	23	19
	Jesus is taken down from the cross	15	27	23	19
The Resurrection : 復活	The women find the tomb empty	16	28	24	20
	Mary Magdalene sees Jesus	16	28		20	Luke deleted "woman" whom should not be shown in holy scripture of Sadducees.
	The watch are bribed		28			Strength of upgraded Matthew which covers more tales and information.
	Jesus appears to two men	16		24		What a sermon like long addtion of Luke which looks like after supplement of later time.
	Jesus appears to the eleven disciples	16	28	24	20
	Doubting Thomas				20	John fully deserves to be named "a fine novel."
	The miraculous draft of fishes				21	John fully deserves to be named "a fine novel."
	The Ascension	16		24







 

 

        

 

 

Process of deceptionists' family of scribes and priests becomming illusionists' family of priests and frantics.

First generation ; Their job is to write and touch up the history for the benefit of their sponsors (royal family, nation) or the group they belong to
                            "scribes and priests" which is the first royal history making of political campaign.      (DECEPTION)

Second generation ; They do not discern what had been deceived and what had been deluded exactly before.
                                 The accumulation of the works of decetptions of their forefathers has enforced them to be proud of history fabrication,
                                 which assures them of high class initiatives.
                                 Their sole choice of survival is the definite defense of the Text and total submission to the holy tradition.
                                  (ILLUSION)

a : They remain as sad and poor lamenters when their sponsors run out of the neighborhood of reality and historicity too far.
and Yahweh takes the part of of severe chastiser. Deuteronomy 1
b : They are happy successful scribes when the sponsors are within the neighborhood of reality and historicity and Yahweh as
their almighty sponsor. Hallelujah ! Deuteronomy 2

Third  generation ; All amount of deceptions and chastisement have been adjusted and repaired by illusive mode of second generation
(Deuteronomy writers) yet.
What was left over is only something they are to be totally crazy about the perfect text and scripture fabrication.   (FRANTIC)

The time of Apostle Paul whose background is orthdox pharissee can be put in the third generation frantic type.
All the quotations of Hebrew Bible used by Paul show that Paul gave full credence to Jewish Bible (Old Testament) as same as all other
orthodox pharisees of his kind.  The difference is only that apostle Paul revised and upgraded it with the appearance of Jesus.

 

 

Here are the famous Jerusalem Quartet.  Mark, Matthew, Luke, and John.
Their mysterious ensemble has disordered the sober human ration for two full millenia in Jesus' name.

 

 High Priests of Israel    以色列的大祭司

- After the Babylonian Exile, inherited to their sons
Joshua (515-490) son of Jehozadak > Ezra, son of Seraiah > Joakim (490-470) son of Joshua > Eliashib (470-433) > Joiada (433-410) >
Johanan (410-371) > Jaddua (371-320) > Onias1 (320-280) > Simon1 (280-260) > Elezar (260-245) > Manasseh (245-240) >
Onias2 (240-218) > Simon2 (218-185) > Onias3 (185-175) murdered 170 > Jason (175-172) > Menelaus (172-162) > Alcimus (162-159)

- Hasmonean Dynasty, inherited to sons or brothers
Jonathan Apphus (153-143)  >brother Simeon Tassi (142-134) > John Hyrcanus1 (134-104) > Aristobulus1 (104-03) > Alexander Jannaeus (103-76) > John Hyrcanus2 (76-66) > Aristobulus2 (66-63) > John Hyrcanuus2 (63-40) > Antigonus (40-37) >
Aristobulus3 (36) last of Hasmoneans, paternal grandson of Aristobulus2 and brother of Herod's wife Mariamne (2nd wife of Herod)

- Under Herodians and Romans   (Ben means son in Hebrew.)
Ananelus (37-36) > Aristobulus3 (36)> Ananelus (36-30)> Joshua ben Fabus (30-23)  > Simon ben Boethus (23-5) >
Matthias ben Theophilus (5-4) > Joazar ben Boethus (4) Sadducee > Eleazar ben Boethus (4-3) Sadducee > Joshua ben Sire (3-) >
Joazar ben Boethus -6 Sadducee >
Ananus ben seth 6-15 > Ishmael  ben Fabus 15-16 > Eleazar ben Ananus 16-17 Sadducee > Simon ben Camithus 17-18 >
Joseph Cajaphas 18-36 > Jonathan ben Ananus 36-37 > Theophilus ben Ananus 37-41
Simon Cantatheras ben Boethus 41-43 Sadducee > Matthias ben Ananus 43 > Elioneus ben Simon Cantatheras 43-44 Sadducee >
Jonathan ben Ananus 44 > Josephus ben Camybus 44-46 > Ananias ben Nebedeus 46-58 > Jonathan 58 >
Ishmael ben Fabus 58-62 > Joseph Cabi  ben Simon 62-63 > Ananus ben Ananus 63 > Joshua ben  Damneus 63 >
Joshua ben Gamaliel 63-64 > Mattathias ben Theophilus 65-66





 

 

Paul is a Deuteronomistic (realistic) pharisee Christian.

(Deuteronomy is the 5th book of the Torah which is not wrtitten for the 5th time among 5 books but quite later time. The purpose of making this book
is to have themselves understood the Bible and Yahweh had foretold the betrayal of Israelite people and its judgement as almighty scripturess and
almighty God.
Deuteronomistic means that God is ruling Israel practically all the time as a helper and chastiser both when situation is good and bad.
Deuteronomistic is the core theology of all kinds of religion which tries its best to explain everything in their religious and sometimes frantic context.)

Romans 13:1-7  (Being Subject to Authorities)
Let every person be subject to the governing authorities; for there is no authority
except from God, and those authorities that exist have been instituted by God.  
Therefore whoever resists authority resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgement.  
For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad.
Do you wish to have no fear of the authority?
Then do what is good, and you will receive its approval; for it is God’s servant for your good.
But if you do what is wrong, you should be afraid, for the authority does not bear the sword in vain!
It is the servant of God to execute wrath on the wrongdoer.
Therefore one must be subject, not only because of wrath but also because of conscience.

 

 

  

   

Year	The Life of Paul		Books Written	Historical Events
CE 4					Augustus (BC27-CE14) adopts Tiberius and recognizes him as the successor
c. 5	Born?an Israelite?in Tarsus of Cilicia (Acts 22:3; Phil 3:5)
	A Roman citizen by birthright (Acts 22:28)
7					Judea becomes a Roman Imperial province
14					Census of Caesar and Tiberius
					Lyvia poisons Augustus; Tiberius comes into power (14-37)
c.15-20	At the school of Gamaliel, Jerusalem (Acts 22:3)
26					Pilate begins serving as procurator of Judea
28					John the Baptist executed by Herod Antipas
30					Crucifixion of Christ
31(?)	A Pharisee (Phil 3:5)
c. 32	Present at Stephen's stoning (Acts 7:58; 8:1)
c.33-34	Persecutor of the church (Acts 8:1-3; Phil 3:6)
34	Conversion on the Road to Damascus (Acts 9:1-9)
	Goes to Damascus (Acts 9:10-19)
	Travels to Arabia and remains there (Gal 1:17)
35
36					Imprisonment of Herod Agrippa
37
	Returns to Damascus then exits the city for safety (Gal 1:17; Acts 9:20-25; 2 Cor 11:32-33)
	Goes up to Jerusalem (Acts 9:26-29; Gal 1:18)				Caligula becomes emperor at the death of Tiberius
	Goes back to Tarsus for safety (Acts 9:30)
38
39					Herod Antipas deposed by Caligula and exiled to Gaul
40
41					Caligula murdered
					Cladius declared emperor
42					Famine in Rome
43					Roman campaigns against Britain
44					Death of Herod Agrippa I
45
46
	Barnabas travels to Tarsus in order to seek Saul (Acts 11:25)				Why Gospel of Paul is not mentioned in the Letters of Paul ? Paul's dictator like charismatic figure did not allow anyone to peep and get a word in the skeletal and sacred biographical notes of the Lord Jesus. Moreover, it is very doubtful if he wrote only 9 letters in two full decades of tireless active mission period, or only 9 letters survived under the brutal probation of Roman Empire. (12Thessalonians, Galatians, 12Corinthians, Philemon, Philippians, Romans, Colossians, but Timothy Titus forgeries)
47	Goes to Antioch with Barnabas teaching and many people (Acts 11:26)
	Agabus prophesies a famine (Acts 11:27-28)
	Aid sent to Jerusalem through Barnabas and Saul (Acts 11:29-30)
	Barnabas and Saul return with John Mark (Acts 12:25)
	Barnabas and Saul "separated" and sent out 1st trip (Acts 13:2-3)
	They travel from Antioch to Seleucia, then to Cyprus (Acts 13:4)
48
	While on Cyprus they go to Salamis and Paphos (Acts 13:5-12)
	From Paphos they go to Perga of Pamphylia where John Mark departs for home (Acts 13:13)
	Ministry in Antioch of Pisidia (Acts 13:14-50)
	At Iconium (Acts 13:51 - Acts 14:6)
	Flees to Lystra and Derbe, preaching the gospel (Acts 14:6-7)
	In Lystra Paul and Barnabas are mistaken for gods (Acts 14:8-18)
	Stoned at Lystra, supposed to be dead, but re-enters the city (Acts 14:19-20)
	Departs with Barnabas to Derbe, preaching the gospel (Acts 14:20-21)
	They return to Lystra, Iconium, and Antioch to strengthen disciples and appoint elders (Acts 14:21-24)
	From Pisidia they returned to Antioch of Syria and reported their journey to the church (Acts 14:24-28)
49	Goes up to the Jerusalem Council with Barnabas (Acts 15:1-29; Galatians 2:1)				Claudius expels Jews from Rome and blames it on Chrestus (a possible reference to Christ)
	Paul and Barnabas return to Antioch of Syria, teaching and preaching (Acts 15:30-35; Galatians 2:11-14)
	Contention over John Mark; Barnabas and John Mark sail to Cyprus 2nd trip (Acts 15:36-39)
	Paul and Silas depart, going through Syria and Cilicia strengthening the churches (Acts 15:40-41)		Galatians (?)
50	Goes to Derbe and Lystra and picks up Timothy, strengthening the churches (Acts 16:1-5)				The rise of the Zealots
	They go to Troas and Paul sees a vision of a Macedonian man (Acts 16:6-10)
51	They sail from Troas to Neapolis (Acts 16:11)
	To Philippi where Paul meets Lydia (Acts 16:12-15)
	Paul and Silas imprisoned after casting out a demon from a slave girl (Acts 16:16-25)
	Prison doors opened miraculously and the jailer saved (Acts 16:25-34)
	Departs from Philippi (Acts 16:35-40)
	They passed through Amphipolis and Apollonia (Acts 17:1)
	At Thessalonica and preached Christ, but had to flee (Acts 17:1-10)
	At Berea where he leaves Silas and Timothy (Acts 17:10-14)
	At Corinth and rejoined with Silas and Timothy (Acts 18:1-17)	Galatians (?)	nbsp;
		1 Thessalonians
52		2 Thessalonians
53	Paul returns to Antioch after stopping at Ephesus, Caeserea, and Jerusalem (Acts 18:18-22)
	Travels through Galatia and Phrygia strengthening the disciples 3rd trip (Acts 18:23)
	Passes through the upper regions on his way to Ephesus (Acts 19:1)
	Ministry in Ephesus (Acts 19)
54			Claudius poisoned by his wife
		1 Corinthians	Nero becomes Emperor
55
56	Goes to Macedonia (Acts 20:1)	2 Corinthians
	Travels to Greece (Acts 20:2)	Romans
	Goes back to Macedonia (Acts 20:3)
	At Troas (Acts 20:4-12)
	Assos. Mitylene. Chios. Samos. Togyllium. (Acts 20:13-15)
	Paul exhorts the Ephesian elders at Miletus (Acts 20:15-38)
	Cos. Rhodes. Patara. Phoenicia. (Acts 21:1-2)
	At Tyre (Acts 21:3-6)
	At Ptolemais (Acts 21:7)
	At Caesarea (Acts 21:8-14)
57	At Jerusalem (Acts 21:15-25)
	Paul gets arrested in the temple and causes a mob (Acts 21:26-36)
	Addresses the mob (Acts 21:37 to 22:21)
	Paul's citizenship saves him from scourging (Acts 22:22-29)
	Before the Sanhedrin (Acts 22:30; Acts 23:1-10)
	Jesus tells Paul that he will bear witness of him in Rome (Acts 23:11)
	The plot against Paul's life (Acts 23:12-22)
	Sent safely to Felix the governor (Acts 23:23-35)
	Paul before Felix (Acts 24)
59	Paul before Festus (Acts 25:1-12)
	Paul's appeal honored - turning point towards Rome (Acts 25:12)		Assassination of Agrippina, the mother of Nero
	Paul before Agrippa (Acts 25:13 - Acts 26:32)
	Paul departs for Rome and sails to Myra (Acts 27:1-5)
	They sail to Fair Havens on Crete (Acts 27:6-8)
	In spite of Paul's warning, they set sail again (Acts 27:9-12)
	In the midst of a terrible storm they get shipwrecked on the island of Malta (Acts 27:13 to Acts 28:1)
	At Malta (Acts 28:2-10)
	Sails to Syracuse (Acts 28:11-12)
	Sails to Rhegium then Puteoli (Acts 28:13)
60	Arrives in Rome (Acts 28:14-16)
	Meets with the Jews (Acts 28:17-28)
	Preaches the gospel without hindrance for two whole years in his rented house (Acts 28:30-31).	Philemon
61		Colossians
62		Philippians
	Released from Roman imprisonment
63	Further missionary work
64			The Great Fire in Rome; Major persecution of Christianity begins
			Josephus pleads the interests of the Jews before Rome
			Nero constructs the Domus Aurea
65
66	Second imprisonment and martyrdom under Nero		The beginning of the Jewish Revolt against Rome
67			Josephus surrenders to the Romans
68			Nero commits suicide
69			Vespian prevails as the Emporer amidst civil war
70			Destruction of the temple under Titus

 

 

 Early Christian apostles, writers, fathers, historians. theologians and trouble makers.

John, the baptist (c 7 bc -c 30)

(Philos (c 25 bc -c50) A Jewish elite resided in Alexandria.

Paul (c 5-c 67)

Peter ( -c 64_ 67)

Mark the evangelist, purported writer of Gospel of Mark (  -c 68) founded the church of Alexandria.

 

 

Luke ( -c 84)

John, aspostle (c 6 -c 100)

 Ignatius (35/50 -98/117 "fiery one,") is formerly a student of apostle John and the 3rd Bishop of Antioch succeeding st. Peter and st. Evoidus.

 

 

 Polycarp (c 69 -155_160)

 

 

Marcion (c 85 -c 160)

 

 

Irenaeus (c 135 -202) : is a student of Polycarp and wrote "Against Hersies(Gnosticism)" (c. 180).

 

 

Clemens (c 150 -c 215 Alexandria)

Tertulian (c 160 -c 225 North Africa) Polycarp wrote him "a student of apostle John."

Origen (184/5 -c 253/254 Alexandria)

First council of Nicaea 325

Arius (250/6 -336 North Africa)

Eusebius (260/5 -339/40)

 Athanasius (296/8 -373 Alexandria)

 Ephipanius (310/20-403 Bishop of Cyprus)

Cyril (c 315 -386 Alexandrian)

Jerome, Eusebius Hieronymus (347 -420)

Augustine (354-430)

 

 

 

 

 

 Publication of "a book of Gospel" for the first time in history.

1, Possibility that the belongings and documents of Paul after execution had progressed into "a publication of Gospel."

a. Paul noticed but the publication was out of the reach of Paul.

b. Paul never noticed, and the publication was progressed by his near follower i.e. Mark or etc.

2, Possibility that Paul had been persuaded by Mark to permit to publish "a book Gospel" before he was executed.

 Oda Wischmey of univ. Erlangen finds out affinity between Romans 1:1-7 and Mark 1:1-3 which have similar openings that
 make use of ευαγγελιου (gospel, good news) and biblical quotation that leads to insights on early Christian identity.

Romans 1 1Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God, 2which he promised beforehand through his prophets in the holy scriptures, 3the gospel concerning his Son, who was descended from David according to the flesh 4 and was declared to be Son of God with power according to the spirit* of holiness by resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord, 5 through whom we have received grace and apostleship to bring about the obedience of faith among all the Gentiles for the sake of his name, 6 including yourselves who are called to belong to Jesus Christ, 7 To all God’s beloved in Rome, who are called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

Mark 1 1The beginning of the good news of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. 2 As it is written in the prophet Isaiah, ‘See, I am sending my messenger ahead of you, who will prepare your way; 3 the voice of one crying out in the wilderness:  “Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight” ’,

   

 Oldest Gospel fragment discovered in mummy mask
BY CHRISTOPHER SZABO     JAN 22, 2015 IN SCIENCE. Cairo - Possibly the earliest known fragment of the New Testament, a papyrus with words from the Gospel of Saint Mark, has been discovered in a lower-class Egyptian mummy’s burial mask, dating from the First century, about 80-90 A.D.
Currently, the oldest Gospel fragments date to the Second Century, or at least 70 years after the death of Jesus, according to LiveScience. Clearly, the closer to the time of the life of Christ (estimated at c.6 B.C. to c. 30 A.D.).

Craig Evans, a Professor of New Testament studies at Acadia Divinity College in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, said the first-century Gospel is one of many texts that some 30 scientists are working on. A new method, in which the papyrus-and-glue masks are taken apart by undoing the glue has been used which preserves the writing on the papyrus. Unfortunately, the masks are destroyed in the process. Professor Evans described what his team had found:

"We're recovering ancient documents from the first, second and third centuries. Not just Christian documents, not just biblical documents, but classical Greek texts, business papers, various mundane papers, personal letters."
Other documents found by the team include copies of the poet Homer, the originals of which date back to around 800 B.C. The scholars used two methods for dating the papyrus. One is carbon dating, which gives an approximate date range, the other is studying the style of writing, known as palaeography. This is possible because scribal styles changed through the centuries, and sometimes even decades.
Greek writing of the time is very difficult to read, as they had not yet separated the words and it looked rather like the Smarties advert (Smarties are like M&Ms in the US): “Wotalotigot!” That is, “Wot a lot I got”. Spelling variations also occur in these manuscripts, just as in the ad: “Jon” versus “John”, for instance.
Evans said the discovery of a possible First Century Christian manuscript from Egypt would not be unexpected, according to Statesboroherald.com:
“In the Roman Empire, mail moved almost as quickly as it does today. A letter put aboard a packet in Ephesus (today's Turkey) could be in Egypt within one week. Something written in Rome could be in Egypt being read within a few weeks. Mark was written in the late 60s, so finding a copy of Mark in Egypt dating to the 80s is not strange in the least.”
First prize for Bible scholars and historians of the Antique or Classical Era of Western Civilisation would be finding the so-called “autograph”, or original manuscript. In this case written, or dictated by Mark, who, according to Papias, the Bishop of Hieropolis (wrote c.95 to 120 A.D.). was the Apostle Peter’s interpreter in Rome.
While most of Papias’ works are lost, some fragments are preserved in other works, including this description of Mark, according to New Testament history Blog:
“Mark, being the interpreter of Peter, whatsoever he remembered he wrote accurately, but not however in the order that these things were spoken or done by our Lord. For he neither heard the Lord, nor followed him, but afterwards, as I said, he was with Peter, who did not make a complete [or ordered] account of the Lord’s logia, but constructed his teachings according to chreiai [concise self-contained teachings]. So Mark did nothing wrong in writing down single matters as he remembered them, for he gave special attention to one thing, of not passing by anything he heard, and not falsifying anything in these matters.”
Sceptical scholars, however, argue that Mark did not write the Gospel of Mark, and the authors of the Gospels are unknown.
The present First Century fragment helps the case of those scholars who accept Papias and other so-called “Church Fathers” on the authorship of these key Christian documents.
“Gospel” comes from the Old English “god spell”, meaning “good story” and was originally “euangelion” in Greek, which referred to an announcement by the Roman authorities of a victory or something else “good”, such as a new emperor.
< www.digitaljournal.com/science/oldest-gospel-fragment-discovered-in-mummy-mask/article/424171#ixzz3ZZAQ9mJj >

c. 1020	Jewish Monarchy established. The first king, Saul (c. 1020 BCE), bridged the period between loose tribal organization and the setting up of a full monarchy under his successor, David. King David (c.1004-965 BCE) established Israel as a major power in the region by successful military expeditions, including the final defeat of the Philistines, as well as by constructing a network of friendly alliances with nearby kingdoms. Jerusalem made capital of David's kingdom in around 1000 b.c.
c. 1000	Jerusalem made capital of David's Kingdom.
c. 960	First temple, the national and spiritual center of the Jewish people, built in Jerusalem by King Solomon.
c. 930	Kingdom divided into Judah and Israel. After Solomon's death (930 BCE), open insurrection led to the breaking away of the ten northern tribes and division of the country into a northern kingdom, Israel, and a southern kingdom, Judah, on the territory of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. The Kingdom of Israel, with its capital Samaria, lasted more than 200 years under 19 kings, while the Kingdom of Judah was ruled from Jerusalem for 350 years by an equal number of kings of the lineage of David. The expansion of the Assyrian and Babylonian empires brought first Israel and later Judah under foreign control.
722-720	Israel crushed by Assyrians, 10 tribles (Ten Lost Tribes).
586	Judah conquered by Babylonia; Jerusalem and First Temple destroyed; most Jews exiled to Babylonia. The Babylonian conquest brought an end to the First Jewish Commonwealth (First Temple period) but did not sever the Jewish people's connection to the Land of Israel.  The exile to Babylonia, which followed the destruction of the First Temple (586 BCE), marked the beginning of the Jewish Diaspora. There, Judaism began to develop a religious framework and way of life outside the Land, ultimately ensuring the people's national survival and spiritual identity and imbuing it with sufficient vitality to safeguard its future as a nation.
536-142	Persian and Hellenistic Periods
548-515	Many Jews return from Babylonia; Temple rebuilt. Following a decree by the Persian King Cyrus, conqueror of the Babylonian empire (538 BCE), some 50,000 Jews set out on the First Return to the Land of Israel, led by Zerubabel, a descendant of the House of David.   Less than a century later, the Second Return was led by Ezra the Scribe. The repatriation of the Jews under Ezra's inspired leadership, construction of the Second Temple on the site of the First Temple, refortification of Jerusalem's walls and establishment of the Knesset Hagedolah (Great Assembly) as the supreme religious and judicial body of the Jewish people marked the beginning of the Second Jewish Commonwealth (Second Temple period).
332	Land conquered by Alexander the Great; Hellenistic rule. As part of the ancient world conquered by Alexander the Great of Greece (332 BCE), the Land remained a Jewish theocracy under Syrian-based Seleucid rulers.
166-60	Maccabean (Hasmonean) revolt against restrictions on practice of Judaism and desecration of the Temple. When the Jews were prohibited from practicing Judaism and their Temple was desecrated as part of an effort to impose Greek-oriented culture and customs on the entire population, the Jews rose in revolt (166 BCE). First led by Mattathias of the priestly Hasmonean family and then by his son Judah the Maccabee, the Jews subsequently entered Jerusalem and purified the Temple (164 BCE).
142-129	Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans. Following further Hasmonean victories (147 BCE), the Seleucids restored autonomy to Judea, as the Land of Israel was now called, and, with the collapse of the Seleucid kingdom (129 BCE), Jewish independence was again achieved.
63	Jerusalem captured by Roman general, Pompey.
63-313	Roman rule
37 bc-4	Herod, Roman vassal king, rules the Land of Israel;Temple in Jerusalem refurbished
20-23	Ministry of Jesus of Nazareth
66	Jewish revolt against Romans
70	Destruction of Jerusalem and second Temple
132-135	Bar Kokhba uprising against Rome
210	Codification of Jewish oral law (codification) established
313-636	BYZANTINE RULE By the end of the 4th century, following Emperor Constantine's adoption of Christianity (313) and the founding of the Byzantine Empire, the Land of Israel had become a predominantly Christian country. Churches were built on Christian holy sites in Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Galilee, and monasteries were established in many parts of the country. The Jews were deprived of their former relative autonomy, as well as of their right to hold public positions, and were forbidden to enter Jerusalem except on one day of the year (Tisha b'Av - ninth of Av)to mourn the destruction of the Temple.
614	Persian invasion
636-1099	ARAB RULE The Arab conquest of the Land came four years after the death of Muhammad (632) and lasted more than four centuries, with caliphs ruling first from Damascus, then from Baghdad and Egypt. At the outset of Islamic rule, Jewish settlement in Jerusalem was resumed, and the Jewish community was granted permission to live under "protection," the customary status of non-Muslims under Islamic rule, which safeguarded their lives, property and freedom of worship in return for payment of special poll and land taxes. However, the subsequent introduction of restrictions against non-Muslims (717) affected the Jews' public conduct as well as their religious observances and legal status. The imposition of heavy taxes on agricultural land compelled many to move from rural areas to towns, where their circumstances hardly improved, while increasing social and economic discrimination forced many Jews to leave the country. By the end of the 11th century, the Jewish community in the Land had diminished considerably and had lost some of its organizational and religious cohesiveness.
691	On site of First and Second Temples in Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock built by Caliph Abd el-Malik
1099-1291	CRUSADER DOMINATION     For the next 200 years, the country was dominated by the Crusaders, who, following an appeal by Pope Urban II, came from Europe to recover the Holy Land from the infidels. In July 1099, after a five-week siege, the knights of the First Crusade and their rabble army captured Jerusalem, massacring most of the city's non-Christian inhabitants. Barricaded in their synagogues, the Jews defended their quarter, only to be burnt to death or sold into slavery. During the next few decades, the Crusaders extended their power over the rest of the country, through treaties and agreements, but mostly by bloody military victories. The Latin Kingdom of the Crusaders was that of a conquering minority confined mainly to fortified cities and castles.     When the Crusaders opened up transportation routes from Europe, pilgrimages to the Holy Land became popular and, at the same time, increasing numbers of Jews sought to return to their homeland. Documents of the period indicate that 300 rabbis from France and England arrived in a group, with some settling in Acro (Akko), others in Jerusalem.     After the overthrow of the Crusaders by a Muslim army under Saladin (1187), the Jews were again accorded a certain measure of freedom, including the right to live in Jerusalem. Although the Crusaders regained a foothold in the country after Saladin's death (1193), their presence was limited to a network of fortified castles. Crusader authority in the Land ended after a final defeat (1291) by the Mamluks, a Muslim military class which had come to power in Egypt.
1291-1516	MAMLUK RULE     The Land under the Mamluks became a backwater province ruled from Damascus. Akko, Jaffa (Yafo) and other ports were destroyed for fear of new crusades, and maritime as well as overland commerce was interrupted. By the end of the Middle Ages, the country's urban centers were virtually in ruins, most of Jerusalem was abandoned and the small Jewish community was poverty-stricken. The period of Mamluk decline was darkened by political and economic upheavals, plagues, locust invasions and devastating earthquakes.